World Veterinary Association

Animal biotechnology report

/ Technical Articles
Posted by JimEdwards on Aug 21, 2004 - 10:47 PM

This report describes and evaluates animal biotechnology and its application in veterinary medicine and pharmaceuticals as well as improvement in food production. Knowledge of animal genetics is important in the application of biotechnology to manage genetic disorders and improve animal breeding. Genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics are also being applied to animal biotechnology.

Transgenic technologies are used for improving milk production and the meat in farm animals as well as for creating models of human diseases. Transgenic animals are used for the production of proteins for human medical use. Biotechnology is applied to facilitate xenotransplantation from animals to humans. Genetic engineering is done in farm animals and nuclear transfer technology has become an important and preferred method for cloning animals.

Biotechnology has potential applications in the management of several animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The most important biotechnology-based products consist of vaccines, particularly genetically engineered or DNA vaccines. Gene therapy for diseases of pet animals is a fast developing area because many of the technologies used in clinical trials humans were developed in animals and many of the diseases of cats and dogs are similar to those in humans.

Molecular diagnosis is assuming an important place in veterinary practice. Polymerase chain reaction and its modifications are considered to be important. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are also widely used. Newer biochip-based technologies and biosensors are also finding their way in veterinary diagnostics.

Biotechnology products are approved by the Center for Veterinary Medicine of the FDA.

Regulatory issues relevant to animal biotechnology are described.

Approximately 72 companies have been identified to be involved in animal biotechnology and are profiled in the report. These are a mix of animal healthcare companies and biotechnology companies.Information is given about the research activities of 9 veterinary institutes.

Important collaborations in this area are shown.

Share of biotechnology-based products and services is currently estimated to be $2.8 billion out of the total animal healthcare market of $18 billion. This is expected to grow to $5.1 billion by the year 2005 in a total animal healthcare market of $23 billion.

Report Index [1]

Executive Summary 10

1 Introduction to Animal Biotechnology 12

Introduction 12
Historical evolution of animal biotechnology 12
Basics of biotechnology 13
- DNA 13
- RNA 13
- Ge 14
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms 14
- Gene expression 14
- Gene regulation 15
- Proteins 15
- Functions of proteins 15
- Monoclonal antibodies 16
Animal genetics 16
- Molecular genetics 17
- Twinning in cattle 17
- Pig genetics 17
- Genetic studies in dogs 17
Animal genomics 18
- The mouse genome 18
- The dog genome 18
- The cat genome 19
- Marsupial genomes 19
- Livestock genomics 19
- Bovine genome 20
- Bovine SNP map 20
- Priority genome list of the National Human Genome Research Institute 20
- Applications of animal genomics 21
- Genomics of disease resistance 21
- Statistical genomics to improve breeding 21
Animal proteomics 22
- Applications of proteomics in animals 22
- Caseins in goat milk 22
- Lactic acid bacteria 23
Applications of proteomics in veterinary medicine 23 Bioinformatics 23 Recombinant protein manufacture 24 Animal biotechnology in relation to other technologies 24

2 Application of Biotechnology in Animals 26

Introduction 26
Genetic engineering 26
- Livestock improvement by genetic engineering 26
- Disease control by genetic engineering 26
- Limitations and precautions for genetic engineering 27 Transgenic animal technology 27
- Cloning animals 28
- Nuclear transfer technology 28
- Nuclear bisection for cloning 30
- Zona-free cloning method 30
- Abnormalities in cloned animals 31
- Cloning from embyonic cells 32
- Cloning of rabbits 32
- Cloning the rat 32
- Cloning the horse 33
- Cloning in primates 33
- Retrovector-mediated production of transgenic animals 33
- Episomal vector-mediated gene delivery 34
- Sperm-mediated gene transfer 34
- Lentiviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells 35 Transgenic pharmaceuticals 35
- Proteins from the milk of transgenic animals 36
- Advantages of milk as source of transgenic proteins 37
- Therapeutic proteins from rabbit milk 38
- Recombinant human antibodies from cows 38
- Chicken transgenesis for the production of biopharmaceuticals 39
- Concluding remarks about production of recombinant proteins in animals 40
- Companies involved in production of transgenic pharmaceuticals 40
Transgenic food products 40
- Milking genetically modified cows 40
- Transgenic fish 41
Transgenic disease models 42
- Technologies to create transgenic disease models 42
- Gene manipulation techniques 42
- Embryonic stem cells for gene targeting 42
- Homologous recombination 43
- Animal models of human diseases 43
- Transgenic models for studying human drug metabolism and toxicity 44
- The Human Genome Project and the role of transgenics 44
- Genomic and proteomic analyses of transgenic animal models 45
- Concern about health and welfare of transgenic animals 45
- Safety of transgenic technology 46
- Concluding remarks about use of transgenic animals 46
RNA interference technology 47
- RNAi versus antisense 47
Xenotransplantation 47
- Pigs for xenotransplantation 48
- Genetically engineered pigs for transplants 48
- Risks of xenotransplantation 49
- Companies involved in xenotransplantation 49
Ethical aspects of animal biotechnology 49

3 A Biotechnology Perspective of Animals Diseases 52

Introduction 52
Infections in animals 53
- Viral infections 53
- Foot-and-mouth disease 53
- Classical swine fever 53
- Equine infectious anemia 54
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 54
- Bacterial infections 55
- Bovine tuberculosis 55
- Mycoplasmal pneumonia 55
- Protozoal infections 55
- Neosporosis 55
- Toxoplasmosis 56
- Coccidiosis 56
- Complications of bacterial infections and antibiotic use in animals 56 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) 57
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 57
- Breeding animals protected against BSE 58
- Pharmacological approaches to prion research 58
Chronic wasting disease 58
- Chronic wasting disease in wildlife 59
- Chronic wasting disease of the cattle in Sudan 59
- Chronic wasting in dairy cows in the Netherlands 60
Genetic disorders in farm animals 60
Diseases of pet animals 61
- Canine Anemia 61
- Heart failure in dogs 61
- Cancer in cats and dogs 61
Preventive veterinary medicine 62
- Prevention of introduction of foreign animal diseases 62

4 Molecular Diagnostics in Animals 64

Introduction 64
Nucleic acid technologies 64
- The polymerase chain reaction 64
- Basic Principles of PCR 64
- Target selection 65
- Detection of amplified DNA 65
- - Real-time PCR systems 65
- LightCycler PCR system 66
- Molecular beacons 66
- Applications of PCR in veterinary medicine 66
- Fluorescent in situ hybridization 67
Immunodiagnostics 69
- Enzyme-linked immunoassays 69
- Bovine Gamma Interferon Test 69
- Antigen diagnosis of trichinosis 70
- Parachek for the diagnosis of Johnes disease 70
- Antibodies for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals 70 Biochip/microarray technology 71
- Applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology 71
- Cattlearray3800 for functional genomics 72
- eSensor electrochemical biochip 72
Biosensors 73
- Immunosensors 74
- Biosensor for ovulation prediction in dairy cows 74 Molecular imaging in animals 75

Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals75
- Diagnostic aids to selective breeding 76
- Selection of desirable traits 76
- Detection of favorable alleles of genes coding for milk proteins 76
- Recognition of hereditary syndromes 76
- Genetic markers in animals 77
- Animal identity and parentage analysis 77
- Diagnosis of infections 77
- Bacterial infections 77
- Diagnosis of viral infections 78
- Diagnosis of parasitic infections 79
- Molecular diagnosis of prion diseases 80
- Prions in urine 80
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 80
- Diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in wildlife 81
- Differentiation among various types of TSEs 81
- Protein cyclic amplification 82
- Antibody test for prion diseases 82
- Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs 82
- Diagnosis of genetic disorders 83
- Genetic screening of companion animals 83
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 83
- Diagnosis of cancer in animals 84
Diagnosis of food-borne pathogens 84
- Introduction 84
- Molecular diagnostic methods used in food-borne infections 85
- Limitations of use of molecular probes in food analysis 85
- Companies with technologies for food pathogen detection 86

5 Biotechnology-based Veterinary Medicine 88

Introduction 88
Biotechnology versus pharmaceutical products 88
Role of biotechnology in drug discovery and development 89
- Cost of veterinary vs human drug discovery and development 89
- Advantages and disadvantages of testing biotech products in animal models 90
- Biotechnolgoy-based antiparasitic drugs 90
Non-antibiotic strategies for control of infections in animals 90
- Probiotics 91
- Potential role for probiotics in the human gut 91
- Potential role for probiotics in animals 91
- Nonantibiotic drugs for infections in animals 92
- Immunomodulation as an alternative to antibiotics in infections 93
- Cathelicidins: effector molecules of mammalian innate immunity 93
- Bacteriophage therapy for antibiotic resistance 93 Productivity enhancers 94
- Bovine somatotropin for increasing milk production in dairy cows 94
- Use of growth factors 94
- Transgenic plant products for use in animals95
- Biotechnology-based vaccines 95
- Modern vaccines without viral non-structural proteins 96
- Vaccines for tick control 96
- Plant-derived vaccines for use in animals 96
- DNA vaccines 97
- The application of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary medicine 98
- Genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines 99
- DNA vaccine for tuberculosis 99
- DNA vaccines for West Nile encephalitis 100
- Genetically engineered vaccines for equine encephalitis 101
- Vaccines against parasitic infections 101
- Recombinant marker vaccines 102
- Marker vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease 102
- Marker vaccine for Newcastle disease 102
- Vaccines for classical swine fever 103
- Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines 103 Biotechnology in treatment of parasitic infections 104 Gene therapy 104
- Gene therapy technologies 104
- Gene therapy vectors 105
- Gene therapy by mitochondrial transfer 105
- Applications of gene therapy in veterinary medicine 105
- Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VII in dogs 105
- Gene therapy to increase disease resistance 106
- Gene therapy for infections 106
- Gene therapy for anemia of chronic renal failure 106
- Gene therapy for endocrine disorders 107
- Gene therapy for arthritis 107
- Cancer gene therapy 107
- Brain tumors in cats and dogs 108
- Breast cancer in dogs 108
- Canine hemangiosarcoma 109
- Canine melanoma 109
- Melanoma in horses 110

6 Research in Animal Biotechnology 112

Introduction 112
Research institutes 112
- Animal and Natural Resources Institute (USDA) 112
- Center for Animal Biotechnology at University of Melbourne (Australia) 113
- CSIRO Livestock Industries 114
- Danish Veterinary Institute 114
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute 115
- Kimron Veterinary Institute 116
- National Agricultural & Veterinary Biotechnology Center of Ireland 116
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 117
- Veterinary Medical University of Vienna 117
Future prospects 118
- Strategies for control of twining in cattle 118
- Future developments of molecular diagnostics 118
- Future of vaccine application in veterinary medicine 119
- Promotion of innate immunity in animals 119
- Identification of key parasite antigens for eliciting immune response 119
- Virus-like particle vaccines for lasting immune response 120
- Control of respiratory virus infections 120
- Control and prevention of bioterrorism diseases in animals 120
- Genetic control of disease resistance 121
- Application of genetics and biotechnology to wildlife management 121

7 Animal Biotechnology Markets 124

Introduction 124
Markets for biotechnology-based products for animal healthcare124
- Test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy 126
Animal biotechnology markets according to therapeutic areas126 Markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans127
- Transgenic proteins 127
- Market for xenotransplantation 128
Strategies for promoting use of animal biotechnology128
- Financial losses from death and disease in animals 128
- Losses in farm animals 128
- Losses in poultry 128
- Losses in equine industry 129
- The emerging role of pet owners 129
- Improvement in cattle through application of biotechnology 129
- Pig market 129
- Cattle Market 130
- Poultry market 130
- Milk from genetically modified cows 130
- Transgenic fish 130
- Gene transfer technologies 131
- Cost-benefit aspects of transgenic proteins 131
- Lower costs of transgenic production 131
- Lower costs of treatment 131
Unmet needs in animal biotechnology 132
Future opportunities for biotechnology in animal healthcare133
- Farm animals 133
- Companion animals 133

8 Regulatory issues 134

Introduction 134
Regulatory agencies for veterinary biotechnology in the US134 FDA regulatory issues in agricultural biotechnology135 Food safety evaluation of transgenic animals 136
- Food from cloned animals 137
FDA investigation of drug transfer into eggs 137
Animal feed safety 138
- Medicated feeds 139
Regulatory issues for production of transgenic proteins139 Risks of animal biotechnology 140 FDA regulation of bovine products140 Worldwide biotechnology regulatory and trade issues 141

9 Companies Involved in Animal Biotechnology 142

Introduction 142
Biotechnology at top veterinary pharmaceutical companies 142 Profiles of selected companies

142 Collaborations 215

10 References 218

Tables
Table 1-1: Landmarks in the evolution of animal biotechnology in the 20th century 12

Table 1-2: Applications of genomics in livestock industry and veterinary medicine 21

Table 1-3: Applications of proteomics in livestock industry and veterinary medicine 22

Table 1-4: Expression systems for production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals 24

Table 2-1: Recombinant proteins obtained from milk of transgenic animals 38

Table 2-2: Companies involved in the production of transgenic pharmaceuticals 40

Table 2-3: A comparison of gene knockout and transgenic techniques 43

Table 2-4: Examples of transgenic mouse models of non-neoplastic human diseases 43

Table 2-5: Companies involved in xenotransplantation 49

Table 3-1: Diseases of dairy cattle 52

Table 3-2: Causes of chronic wasting disease in animals 58

Table 4-1: Potential applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology 72

Table 4-2: Biosensor technologies with potential applications in molecular diagnostics 73

Table 4-3: Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals 75

Table 4-4: Viruses that can be detected by molecular diagnostics 78

Table 4-5: Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs 82

Table 4-6: Pathogenic bacteria in food and targets for molecular diagnostic probes 85

Table 4-7: Companies involved in molecular diagnostics for food-borne infections 86

Table 5-1: Veterinary biotechnology products 88

Table 5-2: Pharmaceutical versus biotechnology products 89

Table 5-3: Nonantibiotic strategies for control of infections 90

Table 5-4: Experimental DNA vaccines tested in animals 98

Table 5-5: Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines for animals 103

Table 6-1: Areas for future research applications of animal biotechnologies 118

Table 7-1: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for farm animals 125

Table 7-2: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for pet animals 125

Table 7-3: Biotechnology-based markets for animal healthcare according to regions 125

Table 7-4: Biotechnology markets according to therapeutic areas: farm animals 126

Table 7-5: Biotechnology markets according to therapeutic areas: pet animals 126

Table 7-6: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans 127

Table 9-1: Biotechnology at top ten veterinary pharmaceutical companies 142

Table 9-2: Selected collaborations of companies in animal biotechnology 215

Figures
Figure 1-1: Relation of animal biotechnology to other branches of biotechnology 25

Figure 2-1: Nuclear transfer technology 29

Figure 2-2: Generation of transgenic animals by linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer 35

Figure 2-3: Production of therapeutic proteins in the milk of transgenic animals 37

Figure 7-1: Unmet needs in animal biotechnology 132

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Report Data Summary:
Animal Biotechnology - Technologies, Markets and Companies
Date Published: 8/8/2004
Number of Pages: 246
Category: Biotechnology
URL: www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c3996 [10]

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